Microbots Swimming Among Our Cells Could Prevent and Cure Diseases

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Think brain-computer interface is mind-blowing? Dive deep into the world of microbot technology. 

To enable versatile mobility inside a living organism of moving tissues and cells, these tiny robots are actually made of algae, the spirulina platensis used as a dietary supplement. The lead of a research team, Li Zhang from the Chinese University of Hong Kong, has discovered how these can potentially be life-changing, literally.

 

Cancer Killing Magnetic Micro-Armor

Coating these spiral spring-shaped algae with iron oxide nanoparticles allows them to be guided to their target by magnetic fields from a doctor's device. With this magnetic micro-armor they actually destroy 90% of tumor cells they contacted for 48 hours in a petri dish experiment. Depending on how thick this iron oxide coating determines how long these algae will survive in our body before biodegrading, ranging from hours to days. 

Doctors can monitor them by seeing their fluorescence or using a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging tool for when the algae travel deeper into the body's tissues. So these little guys broaden the possibilities of healing methods for the doctors of the future. 

 

Distant Future?

Joseph Wang, nanoengineer developing other microbots said, "It's still not ready for a doctor to use." He thinks it will take another 10 years before it will be in doctors' hands. 

Ray Kurzweil, Google chief engineer expects such nanobots will start being used by 2030. It seems the challenges are the technical difficulties of powering and controlling these super tiny devices as they interact with the living bio-computer that is the human body. Differentiating the signals and traversing the every-changing interior landscape at the cellular level is no easy task. 

As always, beware the dangers of such invasive technologies that can be controlled remotely and may have unintended consequences. Coupled with Artificial Intelligence could compound the issue beyond our control. 

Instead of spending millions on artificial tiny robots to search and destroy negative cells in our bodies, why not embrace the natural remedies that purify and strengthen our body's functions and defenses? Perhaps there's a far simpler and more effective solution, like with the example of the United States developing a pen that can write in space's zero gravity, while Russian astronauts used a pencil instead. 

 

Sources:

https://futurism.com/organic-microbots-change-medicine-decade/

A Stable Plasma Ring Has Been Created in Open Air For the First Time Ever

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Plasma occurs naturally as lightning and is made of charged particles, ions, and electrons. We've already been able to harness this power into small handheld plasma torches that cut through metal. Although scientists haven't developed a real lightsaber yet, they've created something even more mind-blowing: a floating plasma ring.

Engineers in California Institue of Technology (CalTech) have "essentially captured lightning in a bottle but without the bottle."

So how did they create a ring of lightning in a lab? Well, it's rather less dramatic than you might expect: they shoot water at a crystal. Actually, it's a super high powered ultra thin stream of pure water at a smooth quartz or lithium niobate crystal plate. The water jet is thinner than hair at  85-microns in diameter and hits the crystal plate at 1,000 feet per second with a pressure force of 9,000 pounds per square inch! 

Basically, the impact creates an electric charge whose electrons ionize surrounding gas molecules to form a toroidal plasma ring. 

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While it looks pretty cool, it currently has no commercial application except for maybe storing energy like a battery in the future. 

“We were told by some colleagues this wasn’t even possible. But we can create a stable ring and maintain it for as long as we want, no vacuum or magnetic field or anything,” Francisco Pereira, a Caltech visiting fellow Marine Technology Research Institute in Italy, said.

Pereira is a co-author of the study published in the journal of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, together with Caltech’s Morteza Gharib.

Besides potentially storing energy, Gharib's team discovered radio frequencies emitted by the plasma ring. “That’s never been seen before. We think it’s because of the piezo properties of the materials that we used in our experiments,” Pereira explained.

Can't wait for a plasma car.

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Sources:

https://futurism.com/stable-plasma-ring-created-open-air-first-time-ever/

http://www.caltech.edu/news/engineers-create-stable-plasma-ring-open-air-80367

https://m.phys.org/news/2017-11-stable-plasma-air.html

2 BILLION Year Old NUCLEAR REACTOR Discovered in Africa

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It is widely believed that the origin of earth was around 4.6 billion years ago, then about a billion years later life started to form. From there multicellular life evolved and then eventually modern humans started to populate the planet over 200,000 years ago. If you’re wondering where the 4.6 billion came from, scientists arrived at the number by finding the oldest piece of the planet they can, then figuring out how old that piece is. Of course this involves actually finding the oldest piece of the planet which is no simple matter because the Earth is always breaking down rocks into magma and then pushing it back up to the surface.

So what if we consider for a minute that our dating technique is not foolproof, maybe we didn’t find the oldest piece of the planet or perhaps radiocarbon dating isn’t as reliable as we think and what if the earth is much...MUCH older than we thought.

If you look around, there are clues found all around the world from the Great Pyramids of Egypt to the Sacsayhuaman ruins in Peru that point to the possibility that advanced prehistoric civilizations may have existed on this planet tens of thousands or even millions of years ago and in this article we will talk about one of the most intriguing finds, an ancient nuclear reactor.

In May of 1972 workers at a nuclear fuel processing plant in France found that ore sourced from a mine in the Oklo deposit in Gabon that was formed over 2 billion years ago had over 440 pounds of uranium 235 that appeared to be missing. This was scary because that much uranium could make at least 6 nuclear bombs.

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After scratching their head for weeks, researchers at the French Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) came to the conclusion that the missing uranium must have gone through a nuclear fission and split into other atoms which was extremely unlikely as this would require some very specific conditions.

The first being the size of the uranium deposit needs to exceed the length that fission-inducing neutrons travel. The second is that there needs to be a lot of uranium 235. Thirdly, there needs to be a substance that can slow the neutrons that is released when uranium nucleus splits and finally there can’t be too much boron, lithium or anything else that absorb neutrons.

Although this seems highly unlikely to occur naturally, the conclusion was that...well, it just did. Because there was really no other possible explanations for it.

An Alternative Theory

Scientists who were sent to investigate the site concluded that This nuclear reactor came into being 1.8 billion years ago, and was operational for about 500 thousand years. The results of the research were made public at a conference of the International Atomic Energy Agency and although many labeled the finding “wondrous” but “naturally occurring,” others concluded that this setup could not have occurred naturally, and therefore must have been man-made.

The case for the reactor not formed “naturally” was made by researchers who found enriched minerals at the site which would indicate that the reaction was produced and water was also found to have been used to moderate the reaction.

These findings were puzzling because it is not possible for natural uranium to go critical, except under very special circumstances such as the presence of graphite or heavy water as a moderator, neither of which could reasonably be expected to have been present in the vicinity of Oklo.

In his book Secrets of the Lost Races, author Rene Noorbergen says: "Following the publication of Dr. Perrin's report by the French Academy of Sciences, however, questions concerning his conclusions were raised by many experts. Glenn T. Seaborg, former head of the United States Atomic Energy Commission and Nobel prize winner for his work in the synthesis of heavy elements, pointed out that for uranium to "burn" in a reaction, conditions must be exactly right. This water must be extremely pure. Even a few parts per million of any contaminant will "poison" the reaction, bringing it to a halt. The problem is that no water that pure exists naturally anywhere in the world!"

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Another objection to the theory of a naturally formed nuclear reactor is because several researchers noted that there is no time in history at the site where the uranium ore would be rich enough in uranium 235 for a reaction to take place naturally. But because a reaction did take place, that means the uranium was far richer than what could have formed naturally. Also what’s surprising is that for a massive nuclear reactor like this the impact on the environment around it should have been devastation but instead it was only limited to around 130 feet on all sides and the nuclear waste was held in place because of the geological shape of the site. Which again may have all occurred naturally but to many researchers, this seems more like it was designed.

So was this ancient reactor just a natural marvel as many publications claim or could it have been constructed by a bygone civilization millions of years ago. Let us know your thoughts.

Sources/Sources

10 Things That Will Happen if Humans Suddenly DISAPPEARED

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Disease, famine, climate change, and unstable despots with access to weapons of mass destruction – these are just some of the ways the humanity can get wiped off from the face of the planet.

Extinction, after all, is an inevitable part of nature and no single species is safe from it, not even the human race. It is a way of nature to “reboot” itself and start over.

Unfortunately for the human race, despite all our advancement in technology and science, it would seem that we are speeding up our time here on earth rather than making it a bit more worthwhile.

Hurricanes of incalculable power and several powerful earthquakes have rocked cities across the world. Ferocious conflicts in war-torn regions continue to plague its inhabitants, indiscriminately taking away their lives seem to see no end in the near future. Large cities in developed countries – countries that you would expect to find a more efficient and environmentally safe way to produce energy – contribute more to the depletion of natural resources and the worsening conditions of the climate.

Whatever our grisly end may be in the future, Mother Nature will continue to live on without the human race. So in today’s list, we are counting down 10 likely scenarios that can happen once humanity is completely gone from the planet earth.

10. DARKNESS

Within a few hours of humanity’s disappearance, the entire world will go dark – not in the Biblical sense though.

Since we have made great accomplishments in the fields of energy and technology, it comes as no surprise that there is no corner of the globe that ever goes dark because of our use of electricity to power our homes and cities.

However, when we finally get wiped out, there will be no one left to keep the power plants running and the generators going. One by one, every neon light, every bulb, every street lamp will go dark as power begins to shut down, plunging the globe in darkness.

9. NUCLEAR CHAIN REACTION

With power finally shutting down, we will see – well, the earth will see – a massive chain reaction of nuclear meltdowns from every single power plant in each nuclear powered country.

Without power keeping these plants’ cooling systems operational, these plants will begin to meltdown within a month and the following explosions will be much stronger and much deadlier than the combined meltdowns of Fukushima and Chernobyl.

8. FLOODING

In just a few days after our extinction, our underground railways and tunnels will be flooded and completely submerged because the pumps that divert water and sewage from the tunnels will stop operating and begin to fill up until it eventually spills into our underground infrastructures.

Speaking of sewage, since everything has already shut down, sewage treatment plants will also cease to operate and the result would be the backing up of tons of waste that we have left behind. It would later on spill out of drains and start a flood of sewage that will most definitely poison existing plant-life and some animals that have survived whatever took out humanity.

7. FALLING STARS

Within a year of our extinction, the skies will be a sight to behold as one by one all the satellites that we have launched into space will plummet back to earth having no means of being powered and maintained.

The sight will most likely resemble a meteor shower with streaks of light illuminating the night sky.

And while we do have dozens of satellites that we have launched much further from the earth, even these will fall out of orbit and come crashing back to the planet in a burst of flames as it enters the atmosphere.

6. THE DECLINE OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS

Only a few weeks after our sudden extinction, many of our domesticated animals and pets will drop dead because of starvation and dehydration.

Most likely, many of our furry and feathered friends will be locked up in our homes or in their cages or in barns when the human race dies out – and without having no one to attend to them, these animals that we have bred for our leisure or enterprise will kick the bucket because they would have no means to sustain or feed themselves.

The smart ones that may find a way out of our homes may survive a few days longer but these domestic breeds of pets – especially the smaller ones like your aunt’s Chihuahua or your frisky little terrier – will end up being on the menu of much larger, predatory wildlife that may have already encroached upon places that humans used to occupy.

Suffice to say that the extinction of humanity will also be the extinction of the Shih Tzu and other small animal breeds.

5. WILDLIFE TAKEOVER

Speaking of animals, when the massive cities that we have built and the suburbs that we once occupied have been devoid of our presence, animal life will begin to return to these places that we have forced them out of.

A good example of this scenario in a microcosm is Chernobyl. When the area was turned into a no man’s land after the devastating meltdown of its nuclear power plant, wildlife and even vegetation returned to the region. Wild dogs and birds have returned and began bringing back life – albeit a radioactive and highly contaminated one – to Chernobyl.

On a massive scale, wildlife is bound to return to places that were once their natural habitats; marking new territories and steadily repopulating areas.

4. CRUMBLING MONUMENTS

Overtime, structures – especially those that are made of steel – will crumble and collapse. Monuments like the Eiffel Tower and structures such as the Golden Gate and Brooklyn bridges will practically disintegrate due to rust and zero maintenance.

As vegetation slowly creeps in to retake the land, concrete structures would also break apart as roots and vines force their way into a structure’s cracks and crannies.

Perhaps the only man-made monuments that will last for decades after our extinction, or even hundreds of years after would be monuments made out of stone such as the Great Pyramids at Giza and Mount Rushmore.

3. WATER WILL RECLAIM A LARGE PORTION OF THE EARTH

At the height of mankind’s expansion of territories and the great discoveries of new lands, we have paved ways to new regions by building dams and forcing water out of places where they should be.

Delta cities, man-made islands, and places where water has been diverted to create a hospitable place to create habitat will be swept away by the very same element we have tried to command once we have all bitten the dust as a species.

Without anyone to maintain them, dam walls – no matter how thick and fortified – will break and release tons and tons of water. When it does, many areas will be sunk in water, turning them back into the rivers and swamplands that they used to be.

Bodies of water such as the Colorado river will once again flow into the Gulf of Mexico and the Hoover Dam will crumble to give back the river that it kept contained for decades if not centuries.

2. THE DESERT’S REVENGE

When we are all gone, the cities we have built in desert lands such as Las Vegas and Dubai will be devoured by sand and turn back into its state as a desert.

With only the monuments that we have built and the structures that we have put up as ghosts of what was once our flourishing civilization, these desert cities will be nothing more than just arid landscapes against the blazing backdrop of the sun.

Even massive areas in the western hemisphere such as Mexico and California will turn back to the parched landscapes that they used to be as homes and buildings begin to deteriorate and the heat form the sun dries up the land once more.

1. MOTHER NATURE TAKES IT ALL BACK

Within just two decades of our extinction, Mother Nature will fully reclaim the earth as vegetation will return and spread.

Despite the fact that humankind was able to cultivate certain species of vegetation to make it more palatable and much more edible, without our skilled hands however, the green will return back to its natural state and many of the plants and vegetables we all know and see in our salads will be virtually unrecognizable in their true, wild states.

Also, as an added bonus to the earth upon our extinction and because of the return of greenery and vegetation, the air will drastically change and be much cleaner than it ever was because pollutants will be absorbed, processed, and basically cleansed by plants; eventually clearing up the earth’s atmosphere and restoring it overtime.

 

Brain Implants Boost Memory for First Time Ever

Are we living in the Matrix or in a futuristic RoboCop world with cybernetic people?

Neurologists and high-tech engineers have joined forces to create what we thought was only science fiction: the BRAIN-BOOSTING IMPLANT. Specifically, this chip works on memory and can boost short-term memory by 15% and working memory by 25%.

Now students around the world can study less and spend more time on Facebook... Actually, scientists intend to use this technology to help people with memory problems like Alzheimer's and other degenerative brain diseases. 

The University of Southern California (USC) seems to believe this is a step towards a bright cybernetic future. Professor Dong Song presented this “memory prosthesis” at a meeting of the Society for Neuroscience in Washington D.C. as the first of its kind to improve human memory.

20 volunteers allowed Song's team to implant electrodes into their brains to treat epilepsy and he collected their brain activity data during memory exercises. The research team found the pattern for best memory function and stimulated the electrodes with it during future tests. These showed 15% and 25% memory improvements over no stimulation and even more so over random stimulation. 

Song said “We are writing the neural code to enhance memory function. This has never been done before.”

 

Worth It?

The cost to deal with memory disabilities in the US cost $236 billion in 2016, plus the emotional stress of family members helping their loved ones. Financially, it seems totally worth implanting a small device to prevent or reduce the debilitating effects of memory loss. 

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However, what about the slippery slope of cybernetic enhancements and technological control over our lives? Would it be wise to implant something in your brain that can monitor and even control your thoughts? Can such devices really stay offline for privacy? 

Elon Musk and Mark Zuckerberg are talking about cybernetic brain enhancements and mind reading A.I. but the potential dangers are quite obvious to those with even the same level of imagination as those that dreamt up these technologies in the first place. So why be tempted to stray away from natural solutions rather than towards new shiny double-edged artificial swords? Do you really want to live under an artificially intelligent supercomputer than governs your daily life and that can punish you wirelessly instantly? 

It's ironic that in trying to improve our memory rushing towards technology, we may have actually forgotten who we are and what we are truly capable of. 


Sources:

https://www.nbcnews.com/mach/science/brain-implant-boosts-memory-first-time-ever-ncna821016

New Company is 3D Printing Rhino Horns to Defeat Poachers

Seattle biotech startup beating rhino poachers by 3D printing horns.

Pembient corporation developed a "bio-fabricated" rhino horn made out of keratin, the same substance of our fingernails.

The CEO and co-founder, Matthew Markus, says these are "absolutely identical to real rhino horns on a macroscopic, microscopic, and molecular level." Collectors supposedly cannot distinguish real horns from Pembient's fabricated ones. 

So, instead of killing rhinos for their horns, you can now 3D print them. 

Save the Rhino non-profit group calculates that about 1,054 rhinos were poached in 2016 in South Africa, up from only 13 in 2007. Although, poaching has decreased recently. They know the largest horn market is in China where people consider them as collectible investments. 

Some may argue that the price for real organic rhino horns may rise as they become rarer in a synthetic market.

“More than 90% of ‘rhino horns’ in circulation are fake (mostly carved from buffalo horn or wood), but poaching rates continue to rise annually." - The International Rhino Foundation and Save The Rhino International

But since telling them apart is basically impossible and with so many manmade ones flooding the market, the price should drop. Pembient will prioritize selling their horns to Asian horn-carving jewelry makers as the place to inject their 3D printed ones into the black market. 

“If you cordon rhino horn off, you create this prohibition mindset,” Pembient CEO Matthew Markus said. “And that engenders crime, corruption, and everything else that comes with a black market.”

Hopefully such technologies can reduce the harm to animals and natural resources. Perhaps this may encourage artistic creativity and craftsmanship instead. 

$80,800 rhino head is stolen from British auctioneer for 'black-market' trade

$80,800 rhino head is stolen from British auctioneer for 'black-market' trade


Sources:

https://www.google.com/url?q=http://www.breitbart.com/tech/2017/11/20/startup-company-plans-to-3d-print-rhino-horns-to-undercut-poachers/&sa=U&ved=0ahUKEwjixuPx2NLXAhWnQd8KHXv2Dx0QFggIMAE&client=internal-uds-cse&cx=partner-pub-9229289037503472:6795176714&usg=AOvVaw0f04U8a1yOlbqF6M4kQ9fr

Amish DNA Holds Key to Immortality

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Amish people live longer thanks to mutated DNA.

Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine conducted a study examining the Amish people in Indiana and found a gene called "SERPINE1" that is “one of the first clear-cut genetic mutations in human beings that act upon aging and aging-related disease.”

It works by eliminating the Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 (PAI1) protein from building up in our bodies and thereby preventing aging. Lead researcher Dr. Douglas Vaughan, says there are “a number of factors that drive PAI-1 production in the body, including glucose and insulin and inflammation and oxidative stress. All of those factors, in a roundabout way, contribute to aging, and they all sort of converge on PAI-1.” His 40-person team was surprised how cooperative this Amish community was, allowing them to test ~200 people. 

 

 

Other schools are studying how to block this age-inducing protein. In Japan's Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Dr. Toshio Miyata started drugs trials attempting to replicate SERPINE1's affects to reduce the PAI1 protein. If successful, they may have one of the most valuable drugs ever created and that people, even emperors, have been seeking for thousands of years: the ELIXIR OF IMMORTALITY!

Well, it may not be that effective, but would still be a great breakthrough in medicine and bio-engineering. At least it could slow aging and help elderly people regain some more youthful state towards the end of their life. 

Yet, while looking for a way to live longer, let's not forget to realize our purpose for living in the first place. Many traditional and ancient cultures have long taught to live in alignment with nature and universal principles such as being compassionate to others, seeking higher and higher levels of truth and wisdom, and even giving up worldly temptations. They say our immortal life lives on beyond the physical realm that science can measure. 


Sources:

http://www.breitbart.com/tech/2017/11/20/genetic-key-to-longevity-discovered-in-indianas-amish-community/

Interstellar visitor shaped like giant fire extinguisher

By MARCIA DUNN, AP Aerospace Writer

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. (AP) — A newly discovered object from another star system that's passing through ours is shaped like a giant pink fire extinguisher.

That's the word this week from astronomers who have been observing this first-ever confirmed interstellar visitor.

"I'm surprised by the elongated shape — nobody expected that," said astronomer David Jewitt of the University of California, Los Angeles, who led the observation team that reported on the characteristics.

Scientists are certain this asteroid or comet originated outside our solar system. First spotted last month by the Pan-STARRS telescope in Hawaii, it will stick around for another few years before departing our sun's neighborhood.

Jewitt and his international team observed the object for five nights in late October using the Nordic Optical Telescope in the Canary Islands and the Kitt Peak National Observatory near Tucson, Arizona.

At approximately 100 feet by 100 feet by 600 feet (30 meters by 30 meters by 180 meters), the object has proportions roughly similar to a fire extinguisher — though not nearly as red, Jewitt said Thursday. The slightly red hue — specifically pale pink — and varying brightness are remarkably similar to asteroids in our own solar system, he noted.

Astronomer Jayadev Rajagopal said in an email that it was exciting to point the Arizona telescope at such a tiny object "which, for all we know, has been traveling through the vast emptiness of space for millions of years."

"And then by luck passes close enough for me to be able to see it that night!"

The object is so faint and so fast — it's zooming through the solar system at 40,000 mph (64,000 kph) — it's unlikely amateur astronomers will see it.

In a paper to the Astrophysical Journal Letters, the scientists report that our solar system could be packed with 10,000 such interstellar travelers at any given time. It takes 10 years to cross our solar system, providing plenty of future viewing opportunities, the scientists said.

Trillions of objects from other star systems could have passed our way over the eons, according to Jewitt.

It suggests our solar system ejected its own share of asteroids and comets as the large outer planets — Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune — formed.

Why did it take so long to nail the first interstellar wanderer?

"Space is big and our eyes are weak," Jewitt explained via email.

Anticipating more such discoveries, the International Astronomical Union already has approved a new designation for cosmic interlopers. They get an "I'' for interstellar in their string of letters and numbers. The group also has approved a name for this object: Oumuamua (OH'-moo-ah-moo-ah) which in Hawaiian means a messenger from afar arriving first.

Astronomers Discover New Earth-Size World Where 1 Year = 10 days!

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By MARCIA DUNN, AP Aerospace Writer

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. (AP) — Astronomers have discovered a close new world about the size of Earth, where a year lasts just under 10 days.

At a distance of 11 light-years, Ross 128 b is the second-closest planet to be detected yet outside our solar system with surface temperatures potentially similar to ours.

Ross 128 b is very near its star, thus the short orbit. But it doesn't get broiled because the red dwarf star is cool. The star is also quiet, meaning no radiation flare-ups. That's encouraging news for seekers of extraterrestrial life. The planet is believed to border the so-called habitable zone.

A team led by the University of Grenoble Alps' Xavier Bonfils made the discovery using La Silla Observatory in Chile. The findings were reported Wednesday.

NASA's exoplanet count stands at 3,550.
 

20 years of changing seasons on Earth packed into 2½ minutes

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By MARCIA DUNN, AP Aerospace Writer

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. (AP) — NASA captured 20 years of changing seasons in a striking new global map of the home planet.

The data visualization, released this week, shows Earth's fluctuations as seen from space.

The polar ice caps and snow cover are shown ebbing and flowing with the seasons. The varying ocean shades of blue, green, red and purple depict the abundance — or lack — of undersea life.

"It's like watching the Earth breathe. It's really remarkable," said NASA oceanographer Jeremy Werdell, who took part in the project.

Two decades — from September 1997 to this past September — are crunched into 2 ½ minutes of viewing.

Werdell finds the imagery mesmerizing.

"It's like all of my senses are being transported into space, and then you can compress time and rewind it, and just continually watch this kind of visualization," he said Friday.

Werdell said the visualization shows spring coming earlier and autumn lasting longer in the Northern Hemisphere. Also noticeable to him is the Arctic ice caps receding over time — and, though less obvious, the Antarctic, too.

On the sea side, Werdell was struck by "this hugely productive bloom of biology" that exploded in the Pacific along the equator from 1997 to 1998 — when a water-warming El Nino merged into cooling La Nina. This algae bloom is evident by a line of bright green.

In considerably smaller Lake Erie, more and more contaminating algae blooms are apparent — appearing red and yellow.

All this data can provide resources for policymakers as well as commercial fishermen and many others, according to Werdell.

Programmer Alex Kekesi of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland said it took three months to complete the visualization, using satellite imagery.

Just like our Earth, the visualization will continually change, officials said, as computer systems improve, new remote-sensing satellites are launched and more observations are made.

 

Click below to watch NASA video: